• Here are the geometrical rules for drawing ray diagrams:

    1. *Incident ray*: Draw a straight line from the object to the mirror/lens.
    2. *Normal*: Draw a perpendicular line to the mirror/lens at the point of incidence.
    3. *Reflected ray*: Draw a straight line from the mirror/lens to the image, making the same angle with the normal as the incident ray.
    4. *Refraction*: Draw a straight line from the object to the lens, and another from the lens to the image, bending at the lens surface.
    5. *Virtual image*: Draw a dashed line from the mirror/lens to the virtual image, behind the mirror/lens.
    6. *Real image*: Draw a solid line from the mirror/lens to the real image, in front of the mirror/lens.
    7. *Object distance*: Measure from the mirror/lens to the object.
    8. *Image distance*: Measure from the mirror/lens to the image.

    Remember to use a ruler and protractor to ensure accuracy!

    Let me know if you have any specific questions or need help with a ray diagram!
    Here are the geometrical rules for drawing ray diagrams: 1. *Incident ray*: Draw a straight line from the object to the mirror/lens. 2. *Normal*: Draw a perpendicular line to the mirror/lens at the point of incidence. 3. *Reflected ray*: Draw a straight line from the mirror/lens to the image, making the same angle with the normal as the incident ray. 4. *Refraction*: Draw a straight line from the object to the lens, and another from the lens to the image, bending at the lens surface. 5. *Virtual image*: Draw a dashed line from the mirror/lens to the virtual image, behind the mirror/lens. 6. *Real image*: Draw a solid line from the mirror/lens to the real image, in front of the mirror/lens. 7. *Object distance*: Measure from the mirror/lens to the object. 8. *Image distance*: Measure from the mirror/lens to the image. Remember to use a ruler and protractor to ensure accuracy! Let me know if you have any specific questions or need help with a ray diagram!
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  • Handling Exceptions, and Multiple Handlers
    Handling Exceptions with try-except An exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of your Python program. Some examples: KeyError – raised when a key is not found in a dictionary IndexError - raised when you try to access an element outside the range of the list Exception handling is error-checking code in your program that looks for a special circumstance....
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  • Functions, Finally, and Custom Exceptions
    These three concepts are essential for writing robust and maintainable Python code. Here's a breakdown of each: Functions: Reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task. Defined using the def keyword followed by the function name and parentheses. Can take arguments (inputs) and return values (outputs). Promote code modularity and reusability. Example: Python def...
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  • Reconstruction (Lecture)
    Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) The Reconstruction Era was a period of immense change and upheaval in the United States. Following the Civil War, the nation grappled with the task of reuniting, rebuilding, and redefining itself. Here are some key points to consider: Goals of Reconstruction: Preserving the Union: Bringing the former Confederate states back into the fold. Defining Rights...
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  • Black Codes and Segregation in Reconstruction
    Black Codes: The Black Codes were a series of laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War, specifically between 1865 and 1866. These laws aimed to restrict the freedom of African Americans and essentially create a system of racial apartheid in the South. Here are some key aspects of the Black Codes: Restrictions on Labor and Movement: Black Codes often limited African Americans'...
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  • Reconstruction timeline
    January 1863: Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing enslaved people living in the states that are still in rebellion. December 1863: Lincoln issues the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. Under its terms, if 10 percent of Southerners in a state that had fallen to Union troops would take an oath of future loyalty, they could establish a...
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  • The Compromise of 1877
    The Compromise of 1877, also known as the Wormley Agreement, the Bargain of 1877, or the Corrupt Bargain, was a pivotal but unofficial deal that significantly impacted Reconstruction.  Here's a breakdown of its key points: Context: Following the highly contested 1876 presidential election between Democrat Samuel Tilden and Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, the outcome hinged on...
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  • The New South & Trans-Mississippi West
    The New South and Trans-Mississippi West were both regions undergoing significant change following the Civil War (1861-1865). Here's a breakdown of each: The New South: Coined by: Henry W. Grady, a journalist and businessman, in the 1870s. Main Idea: A vision for the South to move beyond its dependence on agriculture (especially cotton) and embrace industrialization and economic...
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