The magnetic field inside a ferromagnet lags the vacuum field, and this lagging is called the hysteresis. Let's explore this hysteresis curve of ferromagnets.

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Created by Mahesh Shenoy

Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how readily materials tend to get magnetized. Diamagnets have a small negative susceptibility while paramagnets have a small positive susceptibility. Ferromagnets have a large susceptibility.
Relative permeability is a measure of how readily materials allow the field lines to pass through them, compared to vacuum.

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Ferromagnets are strongly attracted to magnets due to their magnetic domains. Magnetic domains are groups of atoms whose dipole moments are spontaneously aligned in the same direction. Above the Curie temperature, these magnetic domains break down and the material becomes a paramagnet.

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Most materials are either weakly attracted (paramagnets) or weakly repelled (diamagnets) by magnets. Diamagnetism is an inherent property of all materials, and it arises from Lenz's laws. Paramagnetism is seen in materials whose atoms have at least one unpaired electron.

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Magnetic declination at a point on earth is the angle between the earth's geographic & magnetic meridian at that point. Meridians can be thought of great circles that pass through a point on earth and either the geographic or the magnetic poles.

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Created by Mahesh Shenoy

Activity: https://youtu.be/V_DN2NLVxeI

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What are the factors that work depends on? And how? Let's find out!

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What is the difference between a tyre's motion and a car's motion which moving on a roundabout? Let's find out!

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What happens if we tie a poly bag around a leaf and leave it overnight? Let's find out!

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What kind of energy do moving objects have? Let's find out!

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What kind of energy does a stretched rubber band, or a compressed spring have? Let's find out!

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How can we check our pulse? Let's find out!

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Let's learn how to measure length and width of objects!

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Let's find out the correct way to measure length of objects!

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Energy can be transformed from one from to another. Let's understand that with a simple activity!

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Let's explore the characteristics of the images formed by a plane mirror!

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What happens if you strike two metal spoons inside water? Do you hear them striking, or not? Let's find out!

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Let's draw a ray diagram to understand the path of light when it reflects off a mirror!

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What is energy? How is it related to work? Let's find out!

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What happens when white light passes through a prism! Something, beautiful! Let's find out!

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Activity: https://youtu.be/omAdc2ImbMM

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Have you ever seen an iron nail attract other iron pieces! Well, be prepared!

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Can a charged object attract neutral objects? Let's find out!

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Let's draw a ray diagram to identify the path of light when it refracts through a glass slab, and also learn about Snell's law!

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

Activity: https://youtu.be/nehTPPI1sE0

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Is the magnetic strength of a magnet constant throughout its length or does it vary at the ends? Let's find out!

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What happens when you bring two north poles of a magnet close to each other, and what happens when you bring north and a South Pole close to each other? Let's find out!

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Let's draw a ray diagram to identify the path of light through a prism!

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Some substances are attracted to a magnet and some aren't. Let's look at some examples!

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Unlocking the Invisible Dance: Exploring the Wonders of Magnetic Field Lines!

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Let's see if the ice cubes in a glass sink or float, when we pour some water into it!

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Let's have a look at a simple electrical circuit in action!

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Let's understand how do converging and diverging beams look like!

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What happens when you rub twi straws with a cloth and bring them close? Something, very interesting! Let's find out!

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If we keep a magnetised needle near a current carrying wire, it deflects! But why?

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What are the different types of forces? Let's find out!

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Activity: https://youtu.be/Ii0t3FsrGmc

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When you freely suspend a magnet, it always point in a fixed direction! What direction is that? Let's find out!

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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Water vapor can change back to its state. What is it called? Let's watch it happen!

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Light doesn't pass through all materials. Materials can be categorised according to that property!

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From Light to Shadow: Let's navigate the world of Umbra and Penumbra

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Here's the activity: https://youtu.be/6Nrq1_fWShI

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

Some objects and some sink. Objects can be categorised according to that property!

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

A force is made up of two things - direction and magnitude. Let's see how!

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

Here's the activity: https://youtu.be/XxKDL5RN_eo

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.


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Created by Vibhor Pandey

Let's understand the concept of pressure through a simple activity!

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

How do the wires conduct electricity? Let's find out!

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

Heat transferred depends on specific heat as well! Let's understand that through this activity!

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.


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How does heat transfer in solids? Let's find out!

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

Experience the joy of easy, seamless, accessible learning anywhere, anytime with Khan Academy.

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

Here's the activity:https://youtu.be/VL1GB4wi7Zs

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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Created by Vibhor PandeyDescription

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

Why do we feel warm when we are near a heat source? Let's find out!

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

Will the level of the water inside the bottle rise if I keep it in boiling water?

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

How does pressure change when different force is applied on the same contact area?

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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The level of water rises when an object is submerged into it. But by how much? Is there any relation between the volume of object and the volume of water displaced?

Khan Academy is a free learning platform for Class 1-12 students with videos, exercises, and tests for maths, science, and more subjects. Our content is aligned to CBSE syllabus and available in Hindi, English, and many more regional languages.

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Created by Vibhor Pandey

Terminologies;- concave mirror, convex mirrors, center of curvature, radius of curvature, principal focus, focal length, pole of the mirror, principal axis, paraxial rays; parabolic mirrors, real and virtual images, properties of images formed by concave and convex mirrors; uses of concave and convex mirrors.

Fully discussed common examination questions

Incident rays, reflected ray, normal, laws of reflection, types of reflection, Image formation in plane mirror, properties of image formed by plane mirror, location of an image formed by plane mirror by no parallax, formation of multiple images by thick plane mirror.

Sources of light, transparent medium, translucent medium, opaque medium, rays, types of beams, Rectilinear propagation of light, experiments to show that light travels in straight line, shadows from point source and extended source of light, eclipses of the sun and moon, image formation in pinhole camera, properties of images formed by pinhole camera, factors affecting images formed by pinhole camera, lens camera, differences between pinhole and lens camera, differences between lens camera and the eye.

Production and transmission of sound waves, experiment to show that transmission of sound waves requires material medium, factors affecting speed of sound waves, Quality of sound i.e. pitch, loudness and timbre



Sound waves are mechanical waves that propagate through a medium by compressing and rarefying the particles of the medium. They are created by the vibration of an object or source, which causes particles in the medium to vibrate and transfer energy.

Key characteristics of sound waves include:

1. Frequency: The frequency of a sound wave refers to the number of cycles or vibrations it completes in one second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz). Higher frequencies result in higher-pitched sounds, while lower frequencies produce lower-pitched sounds.

2. Amplitude: The amplitude of a sound wave represents the maximum displacement of the particles in the medium from their resting position. It determines the loudness or intensity of a sound. Greater amplitude results in a louder sound, while smaller amplitude produces a softer sound.

3. Wavelength: The wavelength of a sound wave is the distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions of the wave. It is inversely proportional to the frequency of the wave. Longer wavelengths correspond to lower frequencies, while shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies.

4. Speed: The speed of sound refers to the rate at which sound waves travel through a medium. It depends on the properties of the medium, such as temperature, density, and elasticity. In dry air at room temperature, sound travels at approximately 343 meters per second.

Sound waves can be transmitted through different mediums, including air, water, and solids. They propagate in all directions and can be reflected, refracted, diffracted, and absorbed by various objects and surfaces they encounter.

Sound waves are responsible for our perception of sound and have numerous applications, including:

1. Communication: Sound waves enable us to communicate through speech, music, and other forms of audio transmission.

2. Music: Sound waves are the basis of music, allowing us to enjoy melodies, harmonies, and rhythms.

3. Sonar: Sound waves are used in sonar systems for navigation and underwater detection by emitting sound and analyzing its reflection.

4. Medical Imaging: Techniques like ultrasound employ sound waves to create images of internal organs and tissues in medical diagnosis and monitoring.

5. Noise cancellation: Sound waves can be manipulated to cancel or reduce unwanted sounds in noise cancellation technology.

By understanding the properties, behaviors, and applications of sound waves, we gain insights into the phenomena and principles underlying our auditory experiences and the practical use of sound in various domains.

Definition of a wave, differences between mechanical and electromagnetic waves, differences between longitudinal and transverse waves, terminologies of a wave i.e., crest, trough, cycle, wavelength, period, frequency, and wave velocity, worked examples.

⁣At the Ordinary level, waves are a fundamental topic in physics. Here are some key areas covered when studying waves at this level:

#Waves #PropertiesOfWaves #WaveTypes #WavePropagation #WaveBehavior #WaveInterference #WaveReflection #WaveRefraction #WaveDiffraction #SoundWaves #LightWaves

1. #Waves:
Waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium or empty space. They can be classified as mechanical waves, such as sound waves that require a medium for propagation, or electromagnetic waves, like light waves that can travel through a vacuum.

2. #PropertiesOfWaves:
Waves have several characteristics, including amplitude (the maximum displacement from equilibrium), wavelength (the distance between two successive points in a wave), and frequency (the number of complete waves passing a given point per second).

3. #WaveTypes:
Different types of waves include transverse waves and longitudinal waves. Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, while longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to the wave's direction.

4. #WavePropagation:
Wave propagation refers to how waves spread or travel through a medium or empty space. Mechanical waves, like water waves or sound waves, require a medium, while electromagnetic waves, including light waves and radio waves, can propagate through a vacuum.

5. #WaveBehavior:
Waves can undergo behaviors such as reflection (bouncing off a surface), refraction (bending when passing from one medium to another), diffraction (bending around obstacles or through gaps), and interference (interaction between two or more waves).

6. #WaveInterference:
Wave interference occurs when two or more waves meet at the same point in space. Constructive interference happens when their amplitudes add up, resulting in a larger wave. Destructive interference occurs when their amplitudes cancel each other out, leading to a smaller or zero wave.

7. #WaveReflection:
Wave reflection happens when waves encounter a boundary or barrier and bounce back. The angle of incidence (the angle at which the wave strikes the boundary) is equal to the angle of reflection (the angle at which the wave bounces off the boundary).

8. #WaveRefraction:
Wave refraction occurs when waves pass from one medium to another and change speed, causing their direction to bend. This bending is determined by the change in the wave's speed and the angle at which it approaches the boundary between the two media.

9. #WaveDiffraction:
Wave diffraction refers to the bending or spreading of waves as they encounter obstacles or pass through narrow openings. Diffraction allows waves to spread out and bend around corners, enabling phenomena like sound reaching around objects or light passing through a small gap.

10. #SoundWaves:
Sound waves are mechanical waves that result from the vibration of particles in a medium, typically air. They can travel through gases, liquids, and solids, and are responsible for our perception of sound.

11. #LightWaves:
Light waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum and can travel through a vacuum or a transparent medium. They exhibit properties of both waves and particles (photons) and are responsible for our perception of sight.

These #tags cover the key topics and concepts taught at the Ordinary level when studying waves. Understanding these areas will provide a foundation for further exploration of waves and their various applications in science and technology.

Definition of electromagnetic induction, demonstration of electromagnetic induction using a straight wire and a solenoid, predicting the direction of current using Fleming's right rule, Applications of electromagnetic induction in d.c. motor, d.c. generator and a.c generator. Transformers and power transmission

effect of magnetic field on current carrying conductor, Fleming's left hand rule, Magnetic field of current carrying conductor in magnetic field of a permanent magnet

Definition of electromagnet;
Uses of electromagnets in electric bell, telephone receiver, moving coil loud speaker, and relay switch

definition of magnetism, uses of magnets, properties of magnets, magnetic domain theory, methods of magnetization( i.e. single stroke, double stroke, electrical and induction methods), method of demagnetization (i.e. heating, hitting, electrical methods,), storing a magnet , soft and hard magnetic substances

The equations of linear motion are used to understand the position, velocity, and acceleration of an object moving in a straight line. There are four main equations of linear motion, which are:

1. s = ut + 1/2 at^2 - This equation relates the distance traveled s by an object to its initial velocity u, acceleration a, and time t.

2. v = u + at - This equation relates the final velocity v of an object to its initial velocity u, acceleration a, and time t.

3. v^2 = u^2 + 2as - This equation relates the final velocity v of an object to its initial velocity u, acceleration a, and the distance traveled s.

4. s = (u + v) t / 2 - This equation relates the distance traveled s by an object in terms of its initial velocity u, final velocity v, and time t.

Here,
s = distance traveled by the object
u = initial velocity of the object
v = final velocity of the object
a = acceleration of the object
t = time taken for the motion

These four equations can be used to solve a variety of problems related to linear motion. For example, if we know the initial velocity, acceleration, and time taken by an object, we can use the first equation to calculate the distance traveled by the object. Similarly, if we know the initial and final velocities and the acceleration, we can use the third equation to calculate the distance traveled by the object.

Linear motion refers to the motion of a particle or an object in a straight line. The object moves along a path without any change in direction. The speed or velocity of the object may vary, but its direction remains constant. A common example of linear motion is a car traveling along a straight road.

On the other hand, nonlinear motion refers to the motion of a particle or an object in a curved or non-straight path. In nonlinear motion, the path of the object is not a straight line, and it may change direction at any point. The speed or velocity of the object may also vary.

Nonlinear motion can be divided into two main categories: uniform circular motion and accelerated motion. In uniform circular motion, the object moves in a circular path with a constant speed but changing direction. A common example of uniform circular motion is a satellite orbiting around the Earth.

In accelerated motion, the speed or velocity of the object changes with time. The object may accelerate in a straight line or in a curved path. A common example of accelerated motion is a car accelerating from rest and then coming to a stop.

Overall, the main difference between linear and nonlinear motion is the path of the object. In linear motion, the object moves along a straight path, while in nonlinear motion, the path of the object may be curved or non-straight.

Electrical potential
emf
Potential difference
Types of cells

⁣Ordinary level Current Electricity is a branch of physics that focuses on the study of electric currents and their behavior in circuits. It is typically taught at the Ordinary level (O-level), which is a secondary school level of education.

In this subject, students learn about the fundamental concepts and principles of electricity, such as electric charge, electric current, electric potential difference (voltage), and electric resistance. They also study the behavior of these parameters in different types of circuits, such as series circuits and parallel circuits.

Some of the main topics covered in Ordinary level Current Electricity include:

1. Electric circuits: Students learn about the components of an electric circuit, such as resistors, capacitors, and batteries. They study the flow of electric charge in a closed loop and how to calculate the total resistance in a series or parallel circuit.

2. Ohm's Law: Ohm's Law relates the current flowing through a conductor to the voltage across it and the resistance of the conductor. Students learn how to apply Ohm's Law to calculate various quantities related to current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit.

3. Electric power and energy: Students learn about the concepts of power and energy in electrical circuits. They study how to calculate the power dissipated or consumed by various components in a circuit and understand the relationship between power, current, and voltage.

4. Electrical safety: Students are taught about the importance of electrical safety and precautions to be taken when working with electricity. They learn about the potential hazards associated with electric shocks and how to prevent accidents.

5. Circuit diagrams: Students learn how to interpret and draw circuit diagrams, which are graphical representations of electrical circuits. They understand the symbols used for different components and how to analyze circuits based on their diagrams.

Throughout the course, students are also exposed to practical activities and experiments to reinforce their theoretical understanding of current electricity. They learn how to use electrical measuring instruments, such as ammeters and voltmeters, to measure current and voltage in circuits.

Overall, Ordinary level Current Electricity provides students with a foundational understanding of the principles and applications of electric currents in circuits. It serves as a basis for further studies in physics and related fields, including Advanced level (A-level) and university-level courses.